Menu

Executive Programs

Workshops

Projects

Blogs

Careers

Placements

Student Reviews


For Business


More

Academic Training

Informative Articles

Find Jobs

We are Hiring!


All Courses

Choose a category

Loading...

All Courses

All Courses

logo

Loading...
Executive Programs
Workshops
For Business

Success Stories

Placements

Student Reviews

More

Projects

Blogs

Academic Training

Find Jobs

Informative Articles

We're Hiring!

phone+91 9342691281Log in
  1. Home/
  2. Sanket Nehete/
  3. Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Aim1: Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. Give your detailed explanation on it Ans: Li-ion batteries: A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries…

  • CFD
  • Sanket Nehete

    updated on 24 Sep 2021

Aim1:

Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium-ion cells. Give your detailed explanation on it

Ans:

Li-ion batteries:

A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and aerospace applications.

Similar to the lead- and nickel-based architecture, lithium-ion uses a cathode (positive electrode), an anode (negative electrode) and electrolyte as conductor. The cathode is a metal oxide and the anode consists of porous carbon. During discharge, the ions flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and separator; charge reverses the direction and the ions flow from the cathode to the anode. 

Types of Li-ion batteries:

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) — LCO
Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power).

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO
Li-ion with manganese spinel was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in 1983. In 1996, Moli Energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as cathode material. The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since 1999 for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long-life span. Less flattering are safety and cost.  NCA is a further development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminium gives the chemistry greater stability.

 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC
One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an 18650 cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A.

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) — LFP
Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused. Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduces the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion.

 

Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO
Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the 1980s. Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at –30°C.

 

Table showing the chemical reaction at the anode, cathode and overall reactions of all the types of the Li-ion batteries:

 

Aim2:

Compare the differences between each type of Li-ion batteries based on their characteristics

Ans:

Name

Voltage

Specific Energy

Charge (C-rate)

Discharge (C-rate)

Cycle life

Thermal runaway

Applications

Comment

1. Lithium Cobalt oxide (LCO)

3.6V nominal;

Ranges from 3.2-4.2V/cell

 

150-200Wh/kg.

0.7-1C; 2.50V cut-off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life

1C; 2.50V cut off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life.

500–1000, related to the depth of discharge, load, temperature

150°C (302°F). Full charge promotes thermal runaway

Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras

Very high specific energy, limited specific power. Cobalt is expensive. Serves as Energy Cell. Market share has stabilized.

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)

3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

100–150Wh/kg

0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells)

1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off

300–700 (related to the depth of discharge, temperature)

250°C (482°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway

Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains

High power but less capacity; safer than Li-cobalt; commonly mixed with NMC to improve performance.

3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA)

3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable

0.7C charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells

1C typical; 3.00V cut-off; high discharge rate shortens battery life

500 (related to the depth of discharge, temperature)

150°C (302°F) typical, High charge promotes thermal runaway

Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla) Serves as Energy Cell.

Shares similarities with Li-cobalt

4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, or higher

150–220Wh/kg

0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life.

1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off

1000–2000 (related to the depth of discharge, temperature)

210°C (410°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway

E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial

Provides high capacity and high power. Serves as Hybrid Cell. Favourite chemistry for many uses; market share is increasing.

5. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell

90–120Wh/kg

1C typical charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical

1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower than 2V causes damage)

2000 and higher (related to the depth of discharge, temperature)

270°C (518°F) Very safe battery even if fully charged

Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance

Very flat voltage discharge curve but low capacity. One of safest
Li-ions. Used for special markets. Elevated self-discharge.

 

 

Leave a comment

Thanks for choosing to leave a comment. Please keep in mind that all the comments are moderated as per our comment policy, and your email will not be published for privacy reasons. Please leave a personal & meaningful conversation.

Please  login to add a comment

Other comments...

No comments yet!
Be the first to add a comment

Read more Projects by Sanket Nehete (38)

Week 7 State of charge estimation

Objective:

Aim1: Simulate the 3 test cases from harness dashboard and write a detailed report on the results Solution: Battery Management System (BMS) – A battery management system is the electronic system that manages the rechargeable battery, such as by protecting the battery from operating outside its safe operating area, monitoring…

calendar

23 Nov 2021 07:00 AM IST

  • MATLAB
Read more

Project 2-Highway Assistant-Lane Changing Assistant

Objective:

AIM: To develop an algorithm for one of the features of the Highway Lane Changing Assistance, create a Simulink Data Dictionary for the given signals data lists, develop a model advisor report and generate a C code for it using AUTOSAR coder in SIMULINK Objective: Model development in MATLAB Simulink as per MBD guidelines…

calendar

16 Oct 2021 06:49 PM IST

  • MATLAB
  • MBD
Read more

Project 1- Traffic Jam Assistant Feature

Objective:

Aim: To create a Simulink Data Dictionary, develop an algorithm for one of the features of the Traffic jam Assistance and generate a C code for it using Simulink. Objective: Model Development as per the MBD guidelines Creation of Simulink Data Dictionary Code generation using Embedded Coder Generating Model Advisor Report…

calendar

13 Oct 2021 11:22 AM IST

  • MBD
Read more

Project 1 (Mini Project on Vehicle Direction Detection

Objective:

Aim: To make a model for vehicle direction determination and making the sldd file   Introduction: Identifying the direction of the vehicle is one of the important & diverse features in Autonomous driving & Advanced Driver Assistance Features. This particular sub-feature of identifying the direction of vehicle…

calendar

05 Oct 2021 07:56 AM IST

  • MATLAB
  • MBD
Read more

Schedule a counselling session

Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email
Please enter a valid number

Related Courses

coursecardcoursetype

Post Graduate Program in CFD Solver Development

4.8

106 Hours of Content

coursecard

Introduction to OpenFOAM Development

4.9

18 Hours of Content

coursecardcoursetype

Post Graduate Program in Battery Technology for Mechanical Engineers

4.8

57 Hours of Content

coursecardcoursetype

Post Graduate Program in Automation & Pre-Processing for FEA & CFD Analysis

4.7

81 Hours of Content

coursecardcoursetype

Post Graduate Program in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Analysis

4.8

321 Hours of Content

Schedule a counselling session

Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email
Please enter a valid number

              Do You Want To Showcase Your Technical Skills?
              Sign-Up for our projects.